Emmanuelle charpentier and jennifer doudna nobel prize

American chemist and Nobel laureate (born )

Jennifer Anne DoudnaForMemRS (;^[1] born February 19, )^[2] is an American biochemist who has pioneered work in CRISPR gene editing, and made other fundamental contributions in biochemistry and genetics.

Jennifer doudna and emmanuelle charpentier biography wikipedia Alberty Harold A. Doudna and Cate have a son born in who attends UC Berkeley, studying electrical engineering and computer science. Knipling Charles K. Hergenrother Scott K.

She received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with Emmanuelle Charpentier, "for the development of a method for genome editing."^[3][4] She is the Li Ka ShingChancellor'sChair Professor in the department of chemistry and the department of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. She has been an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since ^[5]

In , Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier were the first to propose that CRISPR-Cas9 (enzymes from bacteria that control microbial immunity) could be used for programmable editing of genomes,^[6][7] which has been called one of the most significant discoveries in the history of biology.^[8] Since then, Doudna has been a leading figure in what is referred to as the "CRISPR revolution" for her fundamental work and leadership in developing CRISPR-mediated genome editing.^[6]

Doudna's awards and fellowships include the Alan T.

Waterman Award for her research on the structure of a ribozyme, as determined by X-ray crystallography^[9] and the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, with Charpentier.^[10] She has been a co-recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics (),^[11] the Tang Prize (),^[12] the Canada Gairdner International Award (),^[13] and the Japan Prize ().^[14] She was named one of the Time most influential people in ,^[15] and in was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.^[16]

Early life and education

Jennifer Doudna was born February 19, , in Washington, D.C., as the daughter of Dorothy Jane (Williams) and Martin Kirk Doudna.^[2][17] Her father received his PhD in English literature from the University of Michigan, and her mother held a master's degree in education.^[6][7] When Doudna was seven years old, the family moved to Hawaii so her father could accept a teaching position in American literature at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.^[6][7] Doudna's mother earned a second master's degree in Asian history from the university and taught history at a local community college.^[6][7]

Growing up in Hilo, Hawaii, Doudna was fascinated by the environmental beauty of the island and its flora and fauna.

Nature built her sense of curiosity and her desire to understand the underlying biological mechanisms of life.^[6][7] This was coupled with the atmosphere of intellectual pursuit that her parents encouraged at home. Her father enjoyed reading about science and filled the home with many books on popular science.^[6][7] When Doudna was in the sixth grade, he gave her a copy of James Watson's book on the discovery of the structure of DNA, The Double Helix, which was a major inspiration.^[18] Doudna also developed her interest in science and mathematics in school.^[6][18] Even though Doudna was told that "Women don't go into science," she knew that she wanted to be a scientist no matter what.

Nothing said to her made her doubt it, Doudna said, "When someone tells me I can't do something and I know that I can, it just makes me more resolved to do it."^[19]

While she attended Hilo High School, Doudna's interest in science was nurtured by her 10th-grade chemistry teacher, Jeanette Wong, whom she has routinely cited as a significant influence in sparking her nascent scientific curiosity.^{[18][20][21][22]} A visiting lecturer on cancer cells further encouraged her pursuit of science as a career choice.^[18] She spent a summer working in the University of Hawaii at Hilo lab of noted mycologist Don Hemmes and graduated from Hilo High School in ^[23]

Doudna was an undergraduate student at Pomona College in Claremont, California, where she studied biochemistry.^[6][7] During her freshman year, while taking a course in general chemistry, she questioned her own ability to pursue a career in science, and considered switching her major to French as a sophomore.^[24][6] However, her French teacher suggested she stick with science.^[6][24] Chemistry professors Fred Grieman and Corwin Hansch at Pomona had a major impact on her.^[24] She started her first scientific research in the lab of professor Sharon Panasenko.^[24] She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in biochemistry in ^[24][25] She chose Harvard Medical School for her doctoral study and earned a PhD in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology in ^[5][26] Her Ph.D.

dissertation was on a system that increased the efficiency of a self-replicating catalytic RNA^[10] and was supervised by Jack W. Szostak.^[10]

Career and research

After her PhD, she held research fellowships in molecular biology at the Massachusetts General Hospital and in genetics at Harvard Medical School.^[5] From to , she was Lucille P.

Markey Postdoctoral Scholar in Biomedical Science at the University of Colorado Boulder, where she worked with Thomas Cech.^[5] As of ^[update], Doudna has an h-index of according to Google Scholar^[27] and of according to Scopus.^[28]

Research on ribozyme structure and function

Early in her scientific career, Doudna worked to uncover the structure and biological function of RNA enzymes or ribozymes.^[24] While in the Szostak lab, Doudna re-engineered the self-splicing TetrahymenaGroup I catalytic intron into a true catalytic ribozyme that copied RNA templates.^[24] Her focus was on engineering ribozymes and understanding their underlying mechanisms; however, she came to realize that not being able to see the molecular mechanisms of ribozymes was a major problem.

Doudna went to the lab of Thomas Cech at the University of Colorado Boulder to crystallize and determine the three-dimensional structure of a ribozyme for the first time, so ribozyme structure could be compared with that of Enzymes, the catalyticProteins.^[24] She started this project at the Cech lab in and finished it at Yale University in ^[10] Doudna joined Yale's Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry as an assistant professor in ^[5]

X-ray diffraction-based structure of active site of a ribozyme at Yale

At Yale, Doudna's group was able to crystallize and solve the three-dimensional structure of the catalytic core of the TetrahymenaGroup I ribozyme.^[24] They showed that a core of five magnesium ions clustered in one region of the P4-P6 domain of the ribozyme, forming a hydrophobic core around which the rest of the structure could fold.^[24] This is analogous but chemically distinct from, the way proteins typically have a core of hydrophobic amino acids.^[24] Her group has crystallized other ribozymes,^[10] including the Hepatitis Delta Virus ribozyme.^[24] This initial work to solve large RNA structures led to further structural studies on an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and protein-RNA complexes such as the signal recognition particle.^[24]

Doudna was promoted to the position of Henry Ford II Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale in In –, she was Robert Burns Woodward Visiting Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University.^[5]

Move to Berkeley

In , she joined her husband, Jamie Cate, at Berkeley, accepting a position as professor of biochemistry and molecular biology.^[10] Doudna also gained access to the synchrotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for her experiments with high powered x-ray diffraction.^[10]

In , she took a leave of absence from Berkeley to work at Genentech to lead discovery research.^[29] She left Genentech after two months and returned to Berkeley with the help of colleague Michael Marletta, canceling all of her obligations to study CRISPR.^[29]

As of , Doudna was located at the University of California, Berkeley, where she directs the Innovative Genomics Institute, a collaboration between Berkeley and UCSF founded by Doudna to develop genome editing technology and apply it to some of society's greatest problems in human health, agriculture and climate change.^[31][32][33] Doudna holds the Li Ka Shing Chancellor's Professorship in Biomedicine and Health, and is the chair of the Chancellor's Advisor Committee on Biology.^[5] Her lab now focuses on the structure and function of CRISPR-Cas systems, developing new genome editing technology and delivery mechanisms for CRISPR therapeutics, and novel techniques for precisely editing microbiomes.^{[34][35][36][31]}

CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing discovery

Doudna was introduced to CRISPR by Jillian Banfield in who had found Doudna by way of a Google search, having typed "RNAi and UC Berkeley" into her browser, and Doudna's name came up at the top of the list.^[37][38] In , Doudna and her colleagues made a new discovery that reduces the time and work needed to edit genomic DNA.^[39][40] Their discovery relies on a protein named Cas9 found in the Streptococcus bacterial "CRISPR" immune system that cooperates with guide RNA and works like scissors.

The protein attacks its prey, the DNA of viruses, and slices it up, preventing it from infecting the bacterium.^[7] This system was first discovered by Yoshizumi Ishino and colleagues in ^[41] and later characterized by Francisco Mojica,^[42] but Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier showed for the first time that they could use different RNAs to program it to cut and edit different DNAs.^[7]

As CRISPR becomes increasingly used to edit multicellular organisms, Doudna continues to be called upon to serve as a thought-leader on the ethics of changing an organism's function using CRISPR technology.^[43] Their discovery has since been further developed by many research groups^[10] for applications ranging from fundamental cell biology, plant, and animal research to treatments for diseases including sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and HIV.^[6][39] Doudna and several other leading biologists called for a worldwide moratorium on any clinical application of gene editing using CRISPR.^[44][45] Doudna supports the usage of CRISPR in somatic gene editing, gene alterations which do not get passed to the next generation, but not germline gene editing.^[46]

The CRISPR system created a new straightforward way to edit DNA and there was a rush to patent the technique.^[6] Doudna and UC Berkeley collaborators applied for a patent and so did a group at the Broad Institute affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard.^[47]Feng Zhang at the Broad Institute had shown that CRISPR-Cas9 could edit genes in cultured human cells a few months after Doudna and Charpentier published their method.^[39] Before the UC Berkeley patent application was decided, a patent was granted to the Broad investigators and UC Berkeley filed a lawsuit against the decision.^[47] In , the court decided in favor of the Broad Institute, who claimed that they had initiated the research earliest and had first applied it to human cell engineering thus supporting editing in human cells with evidence but that the UC Berkeley group had only suggested this application.^[47] UC Berkeley appealed on grounds that they had clearly discussed and spelled out how to do the application the Broad had pursued.^[48] In September , the appeals court decided in favor of the Broad Institute's patent.^[49] Meanwhile, UC Berkeley and co-applicants' patent to cover the general technique was also granted.^[50] To further cloud the issue, in Europe the claim of the Broad Institute, to have initiated the research first, was disallowed.^[51] The rejection was due to a procedural flaw in the application involving a different set of personnel listed in the lawsuit and the patent application, leading to speculation that the UC Berkeley group would prevail in Europe.^[51] Doudna cofounded Caribou Biosciences, a company to commercialize CRISPR technology, in ^[52] In September , Doudna cofounded Editas Medicine with Zhang and others despite their legal battles, but she quit in June ; Charpentier then invited her to join CRISPR Therapeutics, but she declined following the "divorce"-like experience at Editas.

Doudna is also a cofounder of Caribou spin-off Intellia Therapeutics^[54][55] and Scribe Therapeutics, which pioneered CasX, a more compact, next-generation Cas9 which can efficiently cut DNA.^[56]

In , she co-authored A Crack in Creation: Gene Editing and the Unthinkable Power to Control Evolution,^[6] a rare case of the first-person account of a major scientific breakthrough, aimed at the general public.^[57]

In addition to the CRISPR breakthrough, Doudna has discovered that the hepatitis C virus utilizes an unusual strategy to synthesize viral proteins.^[58] This work could lead to new drugs to stop infections without causing harm to the tissues of the body.^[58]

"I have so much optimism about what CRISPR can do to help cure unaddressed genetic diseases and improve sustainable agriculture, but I'm also concerned that the benefits of the technology might not reach those who need it most if we're not thoughtful and deliberate about how we develop the technology," Doudna said.^[19]

Mammoth Biosciences

In , Doudna co-founded Mammoth Biosciences,^[59] a San Francisco-based bioengineering tech startup.

Initial funding raised $23&#;million,^[60] with a series B round of funding in raising $45&#;million.^[61] The business is focused on improving access to bio sensing tests which address "challenges across healthcare, agriculture, environmental monitoring, biodefense, and more."^[59]

COVID response

Beginning in March , Doudna organized an effort to use CRISPR-based technologies to address the COVID pandemic along with Dave Savage, Robert Tjian, and other colleagues at the Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), where they created a testing center.

This center processed over , patient samples from UC Berkeley students, staff and faculty as well as members of the surrounding community and farm workers in the Salinas area.^[63][64] Mammoth Biosciences announced a peer-reviewed validation of a rapid, CRISPR-based point of need COVID diagnostic which is faster and less expensive than qRT-PCR based tests.^[65]

Other activities

She is also the founder and chair of the governance board of the Innovative Genomics Institute, which she co-founded in ^[36] Doudna is also a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes, and an adjunct professor of cellular and molecular pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).^[66][24][67]

Doudna is on the scientific advisory boards of the companies that she cofounded, such as Caribou,^[68] Intellia,^[69] Mammoth,^[70] and Scribe;^[71] as well as others such as Altos Labs,^[72]Isomorphic Labs,^[73]Johnson & Johnson,^[74] Synthego,^[75]Tempus AI,^[76] and Welch Foundation.^[77] She joined Sixth Street Partners in as their chief science advisor, to guide investment decisions related to CRISPR.^[78][79]

Personal life

Doudna's first marriage was in to a fellow graduate student at Harvard named Tom Griffin, but his interests were more broad and less focused on research than hers and they divorced a few years later.

Griffin wanted to move to Boulder, Colorado, where Doudna was also interested in working with Thomas Cech. As a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Colorado, Doudna met Jamie Cate, then a graduate student. They worked together on the project to crystallize and determine the structure of the Tetrahymena Group I intron P4-P6 catalytic region.

Doudna brought Cate with her to Yale, and they married in Hawaii in Cate later became a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Doudna followed him to Boston at Harvard, but in they both accepted faculty positions at Berkeley and moved there together; Cate preferred the less formal environment on the West Coast from his earlier experiences at the University of California, Santa Cruz and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Doudna liked that Berkeley is a public university.

Cate is a Berkeley professor and works on gene-editing yeast to increase their cellulose fermentation for biofuel production. Doudna and Cate have a son born in who attends UC Berkeley, studying electrical engineering and computer science.^[7] They live in Berkeley.^[82]

Awards and honors

Main article: List of awards and honors received by Jennifer Doudna

Doudna was a Searle Scholar and received the Beckman Young Investigators Award.^[83][84][85] In , she was awarded the Alan T.

Waterman Award, the National Science Foundation's highest honor that annually recognizes an outstanding researcher under the age of 35, for her structure determination of a ribozyme.^[9] In , she received the Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry of the American Chemical Society.^[5]

In , together with Emmanuelle Charpentier, she received the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for her contributions to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology.^[86] In , together with Charpentier, Feng Zhang, Philippe Horvath and Rodolphe Barrangou, she received the Canada Gairdner International Award.^[13] Also in , she received the Heineken Prize for Biochemistry and Biophysics.^[87] She has also been a co-recipient of the Gruber Prize in Genetics (),^[88] the Tang Prize (),^[12] the Japan Prize () and the Albany Medical Center Prize ().^[89] In , Doudna was awarded the NAS Award in Chemical Sciences,^[90] the Pearl Meister Greengard Prize from the Rockefeller University,^[91] and a Medal of Honor from the American Cancer Society.^[92] Also in , she was awarded the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience (jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Virginijus Šikšnys).^[93][94] In she received the Harvey Prize of the Technion/Israel for the year (jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier and Feng Zhang)^[95] and the LUI Che Woo Prize in the category of Welfare Betterment.^[96] In , she received the Wolf Prize in Medicine (jointly with Emmanuelle Charpentier).^[97] Also in , Doudna and Charpentier were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing."^[4][3] In she was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation^[98]

She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in ,^[99][24] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in ,^[] the National Academy of Medicine in and the National Academy of Inventors in ^[5] In , together with Charpentier, she became a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.^[] She was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in ^[] In , Doudna was awarded the Golden Plate Award^[] of the American Academy of Achievement.^[] In , she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.^[] In she received the Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics from the Association for Molecular Pathology.^[] In , Pope Francis appointed Doudna, and two other women Nobel laureates Donna Strickland and Emmanuelle Charpentier, as members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.^[]

She along with Charpentier was named one of the Time most influential people in ,^[15] and she was a runner-up for Time Person of the Year in alongside other CRISPR researchers.^[39] In and , she received honorary Doctor of Science degrees from USC^[] and Harvard,^[] respectively.

References