François hollande first wife
François Hollande
President of France from to
"Hollande" redirects here. For other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August ) is a French politician who served as President of France from to Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Socialist Party (PS) from to , Mayor of Tulle from to , as well as President of the General Council of Corrèze from to He also has also held the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Assembly three times, first from to , then from to , and from onwards.
Born in Rouen and raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as a special advisor to newly elected President François Mitterrand before serving as a staffer for Max Gallo the government's spokesman. He became a member of the National Assembly in and was elected First Secretary of the PS in Following the regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential presidential candidate, but he resigned as First Secretary and was immediately elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the General Council of Corrèze in In , Hollande announced that he would be a candidate in the primary election to select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination against Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince of Andorra) on 6 May in the second round with % of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During his tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex marriage by passing Bill no. , reformed labour laws and credit training programmes, signed a law restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to concluding an EU directive on the protection of animals in laboratory research through a Franco-German contract.
Hollande led the country through the January and November Paris attacks, as well as the Nice attack. He was a leading proponent of EU mandatory migrant quotas and NATO's military intervention in Libya.
Hollande francois biography wikipedia Nicolas Sarkozy UMP ; incumbent. After the triumph of the Left in the regional elections , Hollande was cited as a potential presidential candidate, but the Socialists were divided on the European Constitution , and Hollande's support for the ill-fated "Yes" position in the French referendum on the European constitution caused friction within the party. Elle suscite en particulier l'opposition de la ministre de la Justice, Christiane Taubira , qui quitte le gouvernement le 27 janvier [ ]. Candidates in the French presidential election.He also sent troops to Mali and the Central African Republic with the approval of the UN Security Council in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however largely seen as failures. He drew controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the United Nations Climate Change Conference, and his efforts to bring the Summer Olympics to the city were successful.
However, with domestic troubles – in particular due to Islamic terrorism – over the course of his tenure, and unemployment rising to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval rates, ultimately making him the most unpopular head of state under the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December , he announced he would not seek reelection in the presidential election, for which polls suggested his defeat in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was born on 12 August in Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (–),[10] was a social worker, and his father, Georges Gustave Hollande (–),[11] was a retired ear, nose, and throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran for local election on a far right ticket in ".[15][16][17] The name "Hollande" meant "one originally from Holland" – it is mostly found in Hollande's ancestral land, Hauts-de-France, and it is speculated to be Dutch in origin.
The earliest known member of the Hollande family lived c.&#; near Plouvain, working as a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was thirteen, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb of Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle boarding school, a private Catholic school in Rouen, the Lycée Pasteur, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his baccalaureate in then graduated with a bachelor's degree in Law from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande studied at HEC Paris, graduated in , and then attended the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his military service in the French Army in [21] He graduated from the ENA in ,[22] and chose to enter the prestigious Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande lived in the United States in the summer of while he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor in the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to work for François Mitterrand's ultimately unsuccessful campaign in the presidential election, Hollande joined the Socialist Party.
He was quickly spotted by Jacques Attali, a senior adviser to Mitterrand, who arranged for Hollande to run in legislative election of in Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then the leader of the Rally for the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist party. Hollande lost to Chirac in the first round.
He went on to become a special advisor to newly elected President Mitterrand, before serving as a staffer for Max Gallo, the government's spokesman.
After becoming a municipal councillor for Ussel in , he contested Corrèze for a second time in , this time being elected to the National Assembly. Hollande lost his bid for re-election to the Assembly in the so-called "blue wave" of the election, described as such due to the number of seats gained by the Right at the expense of the Socialist Party.
First Secretary of the Socialist Party (–)
As the end of Mitterrand's term in office approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle of internal factions, each seeking to influence the direction of the party.
Hollande pleaded for reconciliation and for the party to unite behind Jacques Delors, the President of the European Commission, but Delors renounced his ambitions to run for the French presidency in Former party leader Lionel Jospin resumed his position, and selected Hollande to become the official party spokesman. Hollande went on to contest Corrèze once again in , successfully returning to the National Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister of France, and Hollande won the election for his successor as First Secretary of the party, a position he would hold for eleven years. Because of the very strong position of the Socialist Party within the French government during this period, Hollande's position led some to refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister".
Hollande would go on to be elected mayor of Tulle in , an office he would hold for the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin from politics following his shock defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen in the first round of the presidential election forced Hollande to become the public face of the party for the legislative election.
Although he managed to limit defeats and was re-elected in his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order to prepare for the party congress in Dijon, he obtained the support of many notable personalities of the party and was re-elected first secretary against opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Left in the regional elections, Hollande was cited as a potential presidential candidate, but the Socialists were divided on the European Constitution, and Hollande's support for the ill-fated "Yes" position in the French referendum on the European constitution caused friction within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first secretary at the Le Mans Congress in , his authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to represent the party in the presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for the poor performances of the Socialist Party in the elections, and he announced that he would not seek another term as First Secretary.
Hollande publicly declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on to win the race to succeed him in Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president of the General Council of Corrèze in April , and won re-election in
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign,
See also: French presidential election,
Hollande announced in early that he would be a candidate in the upcoming primary election to select the Socialist and Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the first time that both parties had held an open primary to select a joint nominee at the same time.
He initially trailed the front-runner, former finance minister and International Monetary Fund managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion of sexual assault in New York City in May , Hollande began to lead the opinion polls, and his position as front-runner was established just as Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the nomination.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates throughout September, Hollande topped the ballot in the first round held on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He did not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a second ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come in second with 30% of the vote.
The second ballot took place on 16 October Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became the official Socialist and Radical Left Party candidate for the presidential election.[25] All his main opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – pledged their support to him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, a member of Parliament and Member of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign officially with a rally and major speech at Le Bourget on 22 January in front of 25, people.[28][29] The main themes of his speech were equality and the regulation of finance, both of which he promised to make a key part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a full list of policies in a manifesto containing 60 propositions, including the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on big corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60, teaching jobs; bringing the official retirement age back down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high unemployment for the young; promoting more industry in France by creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pulling French troops out of Afghanistan in [30][31] On 9 February, he detailed his policies specifically relating to education in a major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would run for a second and final term, strongly criticising the Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic disaster within two days of taking office".[33] Opinion polls showed a tight race between the two men in the first round of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead of Sarkozy in a hypothetical second round.[34] The first round of the presidential election was held on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place with % of the vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] In the second round of voting on 6 May , Hollande was elected with % of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May , and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Prime Minister.
He was the first Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in The President of the French Republic is one of the two joint heads of state of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit from Antoni Martí, head of the government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's chief of staff, Pierre-René Lemas as his general secretary and Pierre Besnard as his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in France to show gender parity, with 17 men and 17 women, and each member was required to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above that of existing law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries of the President, the Prime Minister, and other members of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting the creation of a European credit rating agency, the separation of lending and investment in banks, reducing the share of electricity generated by nuclear power in France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable energy sources, merging income tax and the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% for additional income of , euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10, per year, and questioning the relief solidarity tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent to implement a 75% income tax rate on revenue earned above 1,, euros per year, to generate the provision of development funds for deprived suburbs, and to return to a deficit of zero per cent of GDP by [41][42] The tax plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in , only to then take the opposite position on a redrafted version in [43][44]
Hollande had also announced several reforms to education, pledging to recruit 60, new teachers, to create a study allowance and means-tested training, and to set up a mutually beneficial contract that would allow a generation of experienced employees and craftsmen to be the guardians and teachers of younger newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of , subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by the promise of aid to SMEs, with the creation of a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of the corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct , public homes per year, including , social houses, funded by a doubling of the ceiling of the Livret A, the region making available its local government land within five years.
Hollande francois biography Nicolas Sarkozy. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. The New York Times. Syrie : la France et le Qatar s'accordent pour "aider l'opposition", assure Hollande , Franceinfo , 23 juinIn accordance with long-standing Socialist Party policy, Hollande has announced that the retirement age will revert to 60, for those who have contributed for more than 41 years.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law
Hollande has also announced his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans to pursue the issue in early [45] In July , Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the first half of , the right to marriage and adoption will be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise by Hollande.[46][47] The bill to legalize same-sex marriage, known as Bill no.
, was introduced to the National Assembly of France on 7 November On 12 February , the National Assembly approved the bill in a – vote.[48] The Right-wing opposed the bill. The Senate approved the full bill with a – majority on 12 April with minor amendments. On 23 April, the National Assembly approved the amended bill, in a – vote, and following approval of the law by the Constitutional Council of France, it was signed into law by President Hollande on 18 May , with the first same-sex weddings under the law taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to make France more competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for this, introduced in late , after much debate passed the French lower and upper house in May The bill included measures such as making it easier for workers to change jobs and for companies to fire employees.
One of the main measures of the bill allowed companies to temporarily cut workers' salaries or hours during times of economic difficulty.
Hollande francois biography death Early life and education [ edit ]. Archived from the original on 17 December See also: French presidential election, National honours [ edit ].This measure took its inspiration from Germany, where furloughs have been credited with allowing companies to weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are often challenged in courts and the cases can take years to resolve. Many companies cite the threat of lengthy court action&#;– even more than any financial cost – as the most difficult part of doing business in France.
The law shortens the time that employees have to contest a layoff and also lays out a scheme for severance pay. The government hopes this will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that follow employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and the right to take a leave of absence to work at another company.
The law will also require all companies to offer and partially pay for supplemental health insurance.
Hollande francois biography husband Le Nouvel Observateur in French. The claim brought an angry reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had spent his life dedicated to the under-privileged. Foreign Policy. French private sector workers saw the size and duration of their pension contributions increase only modestly under the reform while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.Lastly, the law also reforms unemployment insurance, so that someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits when taking a job that might pay less than previous work or end up only being temporary. Under the new law, workers will be able to essentially put benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead of seeing their benefits recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande pursued reform to the pension system in France.
The process proved to be very contentious, with members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all opposed. Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the opposition, the French Parliament did pass a reform in December aimed at plugging a pension deficit expected to reach billion euros ($ billion) by if nothing were to be done.
Rather than raising the mandatory retirement age, as many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, leaving the retirement age untouched. The reform had a rough ride in parliament, being rejected twice by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before it won sufficient backing in a final vote before the lower house of parliament.
French private sector workers saw the size and duration of their pension contributions increase only modestly under the reform while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of international presidential trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal of French combat troops present in Afghanistan in [1][2] He also pledged to conclude a new contract of Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption of a Directive on the protection of public services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment of a Franco-German civic service, the creation of a Franco-German research office, the creation of a Franco-German industrial fund to finance common competitiveness clusters, and the establishment of a common military headquarters".[53] As well as this, Hollande has expressed a wish to "combine the positions of the presidents of the European Commission and of the European Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Van Rompuy respectively) into a single office [] and that it should be directly chosen" by the members of the European Parliament.[53]
On 11 January , Hollande authorised the execution of Operation Serval, which aimed to curtail the activities of Islamist extremists in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, as Hollande promised that his government would do all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February , he said that it was "the most important day in [his] political life".[55] In , Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali and spread them over the rest of the Sahel under Operation Barkhane, in an effort to curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February , Hollande was a special guest of honor in Abuja, received by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's amalgamation in , a year anniversary.[60] In July , Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September , Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries against rejecting the EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to respect those principles, need to start asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authorised $18 billion (€16 billion) in arms sales to Saudi Arabia in [65][check quotation syntax] In , French bank BNP Paribas agreed to pay an $ billion fine, the largest ever for violating U.S.
sanctions against Iran at that time.[66] In October , Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google or digital giants which do not pay the taxes they should in Europe, America takes offence.
Hollande francois biography children: Socialist Party. Archived from the original on 6 May Foreign honours [ edit ]. He was born in Rouen.
And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released in April showed that Hollande's approval rating had dropped five points since the previous month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier low of 20% in February during the same year.[68] In November , his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January , however, approval for Hollande increased dramatically, reaching 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Point survey in early February showed his rating declining back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the least popularity for a president of the French Fifth Republic.
In September , his approval rating was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One year before the end of his mandate, in April , his approval rating was placed at 14%, and surveys predicted that if he were to run for a second term, he would be defeated in the first round of the presidential elections.[73] In November , a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be just 4%.[74]
On 8 May , Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of the Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May , the Constitutional Council announced the official results of the presidential election; and on 15 May , the transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on the Constitutional Council, of which he is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment publicly on French and international political life through several books and university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of the domestic policies of his successor Emmanuel Macron, but also of his former left-wing political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union in the legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November , he participated in the March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism in Paris in response to the rise in antisemitism since the start of the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Assembly ()
On 15 June , Hollande announced his candidacy for the New Popular Front in the first constituency of Corrèze for the French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest the election was considered surprising, including among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He qualified, in first place, for a three-way second round against candidates from the National Rally and The Republicans,[84] and was elected with 43 percent of the vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his partner was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (), Clémence (), Julien () and Flora ().
In June , just a month after Royal's defeat in the French presidential election of , the couple announced that they were separating.[86]
A few months after his split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French website published details of a relationship between Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
In November , Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed her relationship with Hollande in an interview with the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on political stories. Trierweiler moved into the Élysée Palace with Hollande when he became president and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 January , Hollande officially announced his separation from Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the tabloid magazine Closer revealed his affair with actress Julie Gayet.[89] In September , Trierweiler published a book about her time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment (Thank You for This Moment).
The memoir claimed the president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in reality disliked the poor. The claim brought an angry reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had spent his life dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June , Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an agnostic later in life.[92] He now considers himself to be an atheist,[93] but still professes respect for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, a popular dessert similar to flan, as it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed to him by his critics.[95][96][97]